1- The editorial team conducts checks on the manuscript to ensure it complies with editorial policies, ethical standards, plagiarism, relevance to journal scope, and data availability.

2- An academic editor with relevant expertise conducts the editorial review and decides whether additional expert reviews are necessary. The handling editor selects reviewers based on expertise, publication history, and past reviews, and invites them to provide feedback on the manuscript.

3- The handling editor makes the final decision on each manuscript based on their judgment, with decision types including rejection, major revision, minor revision, and acceptance.

4- Accepted manuscripts move on to production.